中国脓毒症/脓毒性休克急诊治疗指南(2018)
-
-
[1] Perner A,Cecconi M,Cronhjort M,et al.Expert statement for the management of hypovolemia in sepsis.[J].Intensive Care Medicine,2018,44(6):791-798.doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5177-x.
[2] Prescott H C,Angus D C.Postsepsis Morbidity[J].JAMA,2018,319(1):91.doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19809.
[3] Reinhart K,Daniels R,Kissoon N,et al.Recognizing Sepsis as a Global Health Priority-A WHO Resolution.[J].N Engl J Med,2017,377(5):414-417.doi:10.1056/NEJMp1707170.
[4] Guyatt G H,Oxman A D,Vist G E,et al.GRADE:an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations[J].BMJ,2008,336(7650):924-926.doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
[5] Guyatt G H,Schünemann H J,Djulbegovic B,et al.Guideline panels should not GRADE good practice statements[J].J Clin Epidemiol,2015,68(5):597-600.doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.12.011.
[6] Singer M,Deutschman C S,Seymour C W,et al.The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock(Sepsis-3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):801-810.doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287.
[7] Shankar-Hari M,Phillips G S,Levy M L,et al.Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock:For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock(Sepsis-3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):775-787.doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0289.
[8] Seymour C W,Liu V X,Iwashyna T J,et al.Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis:For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock(Sepsis-3)[J].JAMA,2016,315(8):762-774.doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0288.
[9] de Sousa A G,Fernandes Junior C J,Santos G P D,et al.The impact of each action in the Surviving Sepsis Campaign measures on hospital mortality of patients with severe sepsis/septic shock[J].Einstein.2008,6(3):323-327.
[10] Garnacho-Montero J,Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A,Escoresca-Ortega A,et al.De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock[J].Intensive Care Med,2014,40(1):32-40.doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3077-7.
[11] Rivers E,Nguyen B,Havstad S,et al.Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2001,345(19):1368-1377.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010307.
[12] Levy M M,Evans L E,Rhodes A.The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle:2018 update[J].Intensive Care Med,2018,44(6):925-928.doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0.
[13] Levy M M,Dellinger R P,Townsend S R,et al.The Surviving Sepsis Campaign:results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis[J].Crit Care Med,2010,38(2):367-374.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cb0cdc.n.
[14] Levy M M,Rhodes A,Phillips G S,et al.Surviving Sepsis Campaign:association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study[J].Crit Care Med,2015,43(1):3-12.doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000723.
[15] Peake S L,Delaney A,Bailey M,et al.Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2014,371(16):1496-1506.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404380.
[16] Yealy D M,Kellum J A,Huang D T,et al.A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(18):1683-1693.
[17] Acheampong A,Vincent JL.A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis[J].Crit Care,2015,19:251.doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0970-1.
[18] Brotfain E,Koyfman L,Toledano R,et al.Positive fluid balance as a major predictor of clinical outcome of patients with sepsis/septic shock after ICU discharge[J].Am J Emerg Med,2016,34(11):2122-2126.doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2016.07.058.
[19] Mitchell K H,Carlbom D,Caldwell E,et al.Volume Overload:Prevalence,Risk Factors,and Functional Outcome in Survivors of Septic Shock[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc,2015,12(12):1837-1844.doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201504-187OC.
[20] de Oliveira F S,Freitas F G,Ferreira E M,et al.Positive fluid balance as a prognostic factor for mortality and acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock[J].J Crit Care,2015,30(1):97-101.doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.002.
[21] Malbrain M L,Marik P E,Witters I,et al.Fluid overload,de-resuscitation,and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients:a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice[J].Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther,2014,46(5):361-380.doi:10.5603/AIT.2014.0060.Review.
[22] Monnet X,Marik P,Teboul J L.Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Intensive Care Med,2016,42(12):1935-1947.doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4134-1.
[23] LeDoux D,Astiz M E,Carpati C M,et al.Effects of perfusion pressure on tissue perfusion in septic shock[J].Crit Care Med,2000,28(8):2729-2732.doi:10.1097/00003246-200008000-00007.
[24] Bourgoin A,Leone M,Delmas A,et al.Increasing mean arterial pressure in patients with septic shock:effects on oxygen variables and renal function[J].Crit Care Med,2005,33(4):780-786.doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000157788.20591.23.
[25] Thooft A,Favory R,Salgado D R,et al.Effects of changes in arterial pressure on organ perfusion during septic shock[J].Crit Care,2011,15(5):R222.doi:10.1186/cc10462.
[26] Asfar P,Meziani F,Hamel J F,et al.High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(17):1583-1593.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1312173.
[27] Lamontagne F,Meade M O,Hébert P C,et al.Higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vasopressor therapy in shock:a multicentre pilot randomized controlled trial[J].Intensive Care Med,2016,42(4):542-550.doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4237-3.
[28] Levy B.Lactate and shock state:the metabolic view[J].Curr Opin Crit Care,2006,12(4):315-321.doi:10.1097/01.ccx.0000235208.77450.15.
[29] 包磊,张敏,颜培夏,等.动脉血乳酸及其清除率预测感染性休克患者预后的回顾性研究[J].中华危重病急救医学,2015,27(1):38-42.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2015.01.009.
[30] Jansen T C,van Bommel J,Schoonderbeek F J,et al.Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients:a multicenter,open-label,randomized controlled trial[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2010,182(6):752-761.doi:10.1164/rccm.200912-1918OC.
[31] Jones A E,Shapiro N I,Trzeciak S,et al.Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy:a randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2010,303(8):739-746.doi:10.1001/jama.2010.158.
[32] 吕晓春,许强宏,蔡国龙,等.ScVO2联合乳酸清除率指导脓毒性休克患者的容量复苏[J].中华医学杂志,2015,95(7):496-500.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2015.07.005.
[33] 田焕焕,韩沙沙,吕长俊,等.早期目标乳酸清除率对肺部感染致脓毒性休克治疗的作用[J].中华危重病急救医学,2012,24(1):42-45.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-0603.2012.01.010.
[34] 于斌,田慧艳,胡振杰,等.乳酸清除率和中心静脉血氧饱和度指导严重感染患者液体复苏效果的比较[J].中华危重病急救医学,2013,25(10):578-583.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2013.10.002.
[35] Gu W J,Zhang Z,Bakker J.Early lactate clearance-guided therapy in patients with sepsis:a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Intensive Care Med,2015,41(10):1862-1863.doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3955-2.
[36] Simpson S Q,Gaines M,Hussein Y,et al.Early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock:A living systematic review[J].J Crit Care,2016,36:43-48.doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.017.
[37] Li Y,Zhang X,Lin P,et al.Effects of Shenfu injection in the treatment of septic shock patients:A multicenter,controlled,randomized,open-label Trial[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2016,2016:2565169.doi:10.1155/2016/2565169.
[38] Mou Z,Lv Z,Li Y,et al.Clinical Effect of Shenfu injection in patients with septic shock:A meta-analysis and systematic review[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2015,2015:863149.doi:10.1155/2015/863149.
[39] 王涛,夏永富,郝东,等.乳酸在脓毒性休克早期诊断及目标导向治疗中的意义[J].中华危重病急救医学,2014,26(1):51-55.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2014.01.000.
[40] Yunos N M,Bellomo R,Hegarty C,et al.Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults[J].JAMA,2012,308(15):1566-1572.doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13356.
[41] Haase N,Perner A,Hennings L I,et al.Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.38-0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis:systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis[J].BMJ,2013,346:f839.doi:10.1136/bmj.f839.
[42] Perner A,Haase N,Guttormsen A B,et al.Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis[J].N Engl J Med,2012,367(2):124-134.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1204242.
[43] Li L,Li Y,Xu X,et al.Safety evaluation on low-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch for volume expansion therapy in pediatric patients:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Critical Care,2015,19:79.doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0815-y.
[44] SAFE Study Investigators,Finfer S,Bellomo R,et al.Effect of baseline serum albumin concentration on outcome of resuscitation with albumin or saline in patients in intensive care units:analysis of data from the saline versus albumin fluid evaluation(SAFE)study[J].BMJ,2006,333(7577):1044.doi:10.1136/bmj.38985.398704.7C.
[45] Delaney A P,Dan A,McCaffrey J,et al.The role of albumin as a resuscitation fluid for patients with sepsis:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Crit Care Med,2011,39(2):386-391.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ffe217.
[46] Caironi P,Tognoni G,Masson S,et al.Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2014,370(15):1412-1421.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1305727.
[47] Xu J Y,Chen Q H,Xie J F,et al.Comparison of the effects of albumin and crystalloid on mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock:a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials[J].Crit Care,2014,18(6):702.doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0702-y.
[48] Jiang L,Jiang S,Zhang M,et al.Albumin versus other fluids for fluid resuscitation in patients with sepsis:a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2014,9(12):e114666.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114666.eCollection 2014.
[49] Cecconi M,Hofer C,Teboul J L,et al.Fluid challenges in intensive care:the FENICE study:A global inception cohort study[J].Intensive Care Med,2015,41(9):1529-1537.doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3850-x.
[50] Holst L B,Haase N,Wetterslev J,et al.Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2014,371(15):1381-1391.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406617.
[51] Liumbruno G,Bennardello F,Lattanzio A,et al.Recommendations for the transfusion of plasma and platelets[J].Blood Transfus,2009,7(2):132-150.doi:10.2450/2009.0005-09.
[52] Pigozzi L,Aron J P,Ball J,et al.Understanding platelet dysfunction in sepsis[J].Intensive Care Med,2016,42(4):583-586.doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4012-x.
[53] British Committee for Standards in Haematology,Blood Transfusion Task Force.Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions[J].Br J Haematol,2003,122(1):10-23.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04468.x.
[54] Diedrich B,Remberger M,Shanwell A,et al.A prospective randomized trial of a prophylactic platelet transfusion trigger of 10×109 per L versus 30×109 per L in allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant recipients[J].Transfusion,2005,45(7):1064-1072.doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04157.x.
[55] Kaufman R M,Djulbegovic B,Gernsheimer T,et al.Platelet transfusion:a clinical practice guideline from the AABB[J].Ann Intern Med,2015,162(3):205-213.doi:10.7326/M14-1589.
[56] Schiffer C A,Anderson K C,Bennett C L,et al.Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer:clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology[J].J Clin Oncol,2001,19(5):1519-1538.doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.5.1519.
[57] Stanworth S J,Estcourt L J,Llewelyn C A,et al.Impact of prophylactic platelet transfusions on bleeding events in patients with hematologic malignancies:a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial[J].Transfusion,2014,54(10):2385-2393.doi:10.1111/trf.12646.
[58] Stanworth S J,Estcourt L J,Powter G,et al.A no-prophylaxis platelet-transfusion strategy for hematologic cancers[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(19):1771-1780.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1212772.
[59] Wandt H,Schaefer-Eckart K,Wendelin K,et al.Therapeutic platelet transfusion versus routine prophylactic transfusion in patients with haematological malignancies:an open-label,multicentre,randomised study[J].Lancet,2012,380(9850):1309-1316.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60689-8.
[60] Zumberg M S,del Rosario M L,Nejame C F,et al.A prospective randomized trial of prophylactic platelet transfusion and bleeding incidence in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients:10,000/L versus 20,000/microL trigger[J].Biol Blood Marrow Transplant,2002,8(10):569-576.doi:10.1053/bbmt.2002.v8.pm12434952.
[61] Kumar A,Roberts D,Wood K E,et al.Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock[J].Crit Care Med,2006,34(6):1589-1596.doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9.
[62] Zhang D,Micek S T,Kollef M H.Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy is an independent determinant of postinfection ICU and hospital lengths of stay in patients with sepsis[J].Crit Care Med,2015,43(10):2133-2140.doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001140.
[63] Bagshaw S M,Lapinsky S,Dial S,et al.Acute kidney injury in septic shock:clinical outcomes and impact of duration of hypotension prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy[J].Intensive Care Med,2009,35(5):871-881.doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1367-2.
[64] Iscimen R,Cartin-Ceba R,Yilmaz M,et al.Risk factors for the development of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock:an observational cohort study[J].Crit Care Med,2008,36(5):1518-1522.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31816fc2c0.
[65] Garnacho-Montero J,Aldabo-Pallas T,Garnacho-Montero C,et al.Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is a greater determinant of outcome than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphisms in patients with sepsis[J].Crit Care,2006,10(4):R111.doi:10.1186/cc4995.
[66] Ferrer R,Martin-Loeches I,Phillips G,et al.Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour:results from a guideline-based performance improvement program[J].Crit Care Med,2014,42(8):1749-1755.doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000330.
[67] Barie P S,Hydo L J,Shou J,et al.Influence of antibiotic therapy on mortality of critical surgical illness caused or complicated by infection[J].Surg Infect(Larchmt),2005,6(1):41-54.doi:10.1089/sur.2005.6.41.
[68] Barochia A V,Cui X,Vitberg D,et al.Bundled care for septic shock:an analysis of clinical trials[J].Crit Care Med,2010,38(2):668-678.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cb0ddf.
[69] Gaieski D F,Mikkelsen M E,Band R A,et al.Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department[J].Crit Care Med,2010,38(4):1045-1053.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4824.
[70] Kumar A,Ellis P,Arabi Y,et al.Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock Database Research Group:Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock[J].Chest,2009,136(5):1237-1248.doi:10.1378/chest.09-0087.
[71] Ibrahim E H,Sherman G,Ward S,et al.The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting[J].Chest,2000,118(1):146-155.doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.1.146.
[72] Paul M,Shani V,Muchtar E,et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2010,54(11):4851-4863.doi:10.1128/AAC.00627-10.
[73] Kumar A,Safdar N,Kethireddy S,et al.A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death:a meta-analytic/meta-regression study[J].Crit Care Med,2010,38(8):1651-1664.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e96b91.
[74] Kumar A,Zarychanski R,Light B,et al.Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock:a propensity-matched analysis[J].Crit Care Med,2010,38(9):1773-1785.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181eb3ccd.
[75] Brunkhorst F M,Oppert M,Marx G,et al.Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis:a randomized trial[J].JAMA,2012,307(22):2390-2399.doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5833.
[76] Paul M,Silbiger I,Grozinsky S,et al.Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2006,(1):CD003344.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003344.pub3.
[77] Paul M,Soares-Weiser K,Leibovici L.Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for fever with neutropenia:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].BMJ,2003,326(7399):1111.doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7399.1111.
[78] Penack O,Becker C,Buchheidt D,et al.Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients:2014 updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology(AGIHO)[J].Ann Hematol,2014,93(7):1083-1095.doi:10.1007/s00277-014-2086-0.
[79] Freifeld A G,Bow E J,Sepkowitz K A,et al.Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer:2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J].Clin Infect Dis,2011,52:e56-e93.doi:10.1093/cid/cir073.
[80] Shi H,Hong Y,Qian J,et al.Xuebijing in the treatment of patients with sepsis[J].American Journal of Emergency Medicine,2017,35(2):285-291.doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2016.11.007.
[81] Li C,Wang P,Zhang L,et al.Hongcai Shang.Efficacy and safety of Xuebijing injection(a Chinese patent)for sepsis:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2018,224:512-521.doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.043.
[82] Guo Y,Gao W,Yang H,et al.De-escalation of empiric antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock:A meta-analysis[J].Heart Lung,2016,45(5):454-459.doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.06.001.
[83] Gomes Silva B N,Andriolo R B,Atallah A N,et al.De-escalation of antimicrobial treatment for adults with sepsis,severe sepsis or septic shock.[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2010,(12):CD007934.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007934.pub2.
[84] Chelluri L,Jastremski M S.Inadequacy of standard aminoglycoside loading doses in acutely ill patients[J].Crit Care Med,1987,15(2):1143-1145.
[85] Pletz M W,Bloos F,Burkhardt O,et al.Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock[J].Intensive Care Med,2010,36(6):979-983.doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1864-y.
[86] van Zanten A R,Polderman K H,van Geijlswijk I M,et al.Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients:a prospective cohort study.[J]Crit Care,2008,23(3):422-430.doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.11.011.
[87] Blot S,Koulenti D,Akova M,et al.Does contemporary vancomycin dosing achieve therapeutic targets in a heterogeneous clinical cohort of critically ill patients? Data from the multinational DALI study[J].Crit Care,2014,18(3):R99.doi:10.1186/cc13874.
[88] Roberts J A,Abdul-Aziz M H,Lipman J,et al.Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill:challenges and potential solutions[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2014,14(6):498-509.doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70036-2.
[89] Baptista J P,Sousa E,Martins P J,et al.Augmented renal clearance in septic patients and implications for vancomycin optimisation[J].Int J Antimicrob Agents,2012,39(5):420-423.doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.12.011.
[90] Hobbs A L,Shea K M,Roberts K M,et al.Implications of augmented renal clearance on drug dosing in critically ill patients:a focus on antibiotics[J].Pharmacotherapy,2015,35(11):1063-1075.doi:10.1002/phar.1653.
[91] Udy A A,Varghese J M,Altukroni M,et al.Subtherapeutic initial β-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients:association between augmented renal clearance and low trough drug concentrations[J].Chest,2012,142(1):30-39.doi:10.1378/chest.11-1671.
[92] Kalil A C,Metersky M L,Klompas M,et al.Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia:2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society[J].Clin Infect Dis,2016,63(5):e61-e111.doi:10.1093/cid/ciw353.
[93] Chastre J,Wolff M,Fagon J Y,et al.Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults:a randomized trial[J].JAMA,2003,290(19):2588-2598.doi:10.1001/jama.290.19.2588.
[94] Choudhury G,Mandal P,Singanayagam A,et al.Seven-day antibiotic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia-a propensity-adjusted analysis[J].Clin Microbiol Infect,2011,17(12):1852-1858.doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03542.x.
[95] Pugh R,Grant C,Cooke RP,et al.Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2015,(8):CD007577.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007577.pub2.
[96] Morel J,Casoetto J,Jospé R,et al.De-escalation as part of a global strategy of empiric antibiotherapy management.A retrospective study in a medico-surgical intensive care unit[J].Crit Care,2010,14:R225.doi:10.1186/cc9373.
[97] Joung M K,Lee J A,Moon S Y,et al.Impact of de-escalation therapy on clinical outcomes for intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia[J].Crit Care,2011,15(2):R79.doi:10.1186/cc10072.
[98] Leone M,Bechis C,Baumstarck K,et al.De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis:a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial[J].Intensive Care Med,2014,40(10):1399-1408.doi:10.1007/s00134-014-3411-8.
[99] Riccio L M,Popovsky K A,Hranjec T,et al.Association of excessive duration of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infection with subsequent extra-abdominal infection and death:a study of 2,552 consecutive infections[J].Surg Infect(Larchmt),2014,15(4):417-424.doi:10.1089/sur.2012.077.
[100] Aarts M A,Brun-Buisson C,Cook D J,et al.Antibiotic management of suspected nosocomial ICU-acquired infection:does prolonged empiric therapy improve outcome[J].Intensive Care Med,2007,33(8):1369-1378.doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0723-y.
[101] Stevens V,Dumyati G,Fine L S,et al.Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection[J].Clin Infect Dis,2011,53(1):42-48.doi:10.1093/cid/cir301.
[102] Weiss C H,Moazed F,McEvoy C A,et al.Prompting physicians to address a daily checklist and process of care and clinical outcomes:a single-site study[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2011,184(6):680-686.doi:10.1164/rccm.201101-0037OC.
[103] Mermel L A,Allon M,Bouza E,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection:2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J].Clin Infect Dis,2009,49(1):1-45.doi:10.1086/599376.
[104] Liu C,Bayer A,Cosgrove S E,et al.Infectious Diseases Society of America:Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children[J].Clin Infect Dis,2011,52(3):e18-e55.doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146.
[105] Pappas P G,Kauffman C A,Andes D R,et al.Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis:2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J].Clin Infect Dis,2016,62(4):e1-50.doi:10.1093/cid/civ933.
[106] de Jong E,van Oers J A,Beishuizen A,et al.Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients:a randomised,controlled,open-label trial[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2016,16(7):819-827.doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00053-0.
[107] Prkno A,Wacker C,Brunkhorst F M,et al.Procalcitonin-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients with severe sepsis and septic shock-a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Crit Care,2013,17(6):R291.doi:10.1186/cc13157.
[108] Shehabi Y,Sterba M,Garrett P M,et al.Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection or suspected sepsis.A randomized controlled trial[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2014,190(10):1102-1110.doi:10.1164/rccm.201408-1483OC.
[109] Annane D,Maxime V,Faller J P,et al.Procalcitonin levels to guide antibiotic therapy in adults with non-microbiologically proven apparent severe sepsis:a randomised controlled trial[J].Bmj Open,2013,3(2):e002186.doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002186.Print 2013.
[110] Bouadma L,Luyt C E,Tubach F,et al.Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients' exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units(PRORATA trial):a multicentre randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2010,375(9713):463-474.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61879-1.
[111] Hochreiter M,Schweiger A M,Keck F S,et al.Procalcitonin to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients:a randomized prospective controlled trial[J].Critical care(London,England),2009,13(3):R83.doi:10.1186/cc7903.
[112] Jensen J U,Hein L,Lundgren B,et al.Procalcitonin-guided interventions against infections to increase early appropriate antibiotics and improve survival in the intensive care unit:a randomized trial[J].Critical Care Medicine,2011,39(9):2048-2058.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e8791.PMID:21572328.
[113] Nobre V,Harbarth S,Graf J D,et al.Use of Procalcitonin to Shorten Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Septic Patients[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008,177(5):498-505.doi:10.1164/rccm.200708-1238OC.
[114] Schroeder S,Hochreiter M T,Schweiger A,et al.Procalcitonin(PCT)-guided algorithm reduces length of antibiotic treatment in surgical intensive care patients with severe sepsis:results of a prospective randomized study[J].Langenbecks Arch Surg,2009,394(2):221-226.doi:10.1007/s00423-008-0432-1.
[115] Svoboda P,Kantorová I,Scheer P,et al.Can procalcitonin help us in timing of re-intervention in septic patients after multiple trauma or major surgery?[J].Hepatogastroenterology,2007,54(74):359-363.
[116] Jimenez M F,Marshall J C.Source control in the management of sepsis[J].Intensive Care Med,2001,27(Suppl 1):S49-S62.doi:10.1007/PL00003797.
[117] Azuhata T,Kinoshita K,Kawano D,et al.Time from admission to initiation of surgery for source control is a critical determinant of survival in patients with gastrointestinal perforation with associated septic shock[J].Crit Care,2014,18:R87.doi:10.1186/cc13854.
[118] Bloos F,Thomas-Rüddel D,Rüddel H,et al.MEDUSA Study Group:Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on outcome in patients with severe sepsis:a prospective observational multi-center study[J].Crit Care,2014,18:R42.doi:10.1186/cc13755.
[119] Moss R L,Musemeche C A,Kosloske A M.Necrotizing fasciitis in children:prompt recognition and aggressive therapy improve survival[J].J Pediatr Surg,1996,31(8):1142-1146.doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90104-9.
[120] Wong C H,Chang H C,Pasupathy S,et al.Necrotizing fasciitis:clinical presentation,microbiology,and determinants of mortality[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2003,85-A(8):1454-1460.
[121] Chao W N,Tsai C F,Chang H R,et al.Impact of timing of surgery on outcome of Vibrio vulnificus-related necrotizing fasciitis[J].Am J Surg,2013,206(1):32-39.doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.08.008.
[122] Buck D L,Vester-Andersen M,Møller MH.Surgical delay is a critical determinant of survival in perforated peptic ulcer[J].Br J Surg,2013,100(8):1045-1049.doi:10.1002/bjs.9175.
[123] Karvellas C J,Abraldes J G,Zepeda-Gomez S,et al.The impact of delayed biliary decompression and antimicrobial therapy in 260 patients with cholangitis-associated septic shock[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2016,44(7):755-766.doi:10.1111/apt.13764.
[124] Regnier B,Rapin M,Gory G,et al.Haemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock[J].Intensive Care Med,1977,3(2):47-53.doi:10.1007/BF01683060.
[125] Avni T,Lador A,Lev S,et al.Vasopressors for the Treatment of Septic Shock:Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis[J].PLoS One,2015,10(8):e0129305.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129305.
[126] 周飞虎,宋青.去甲肾上腺素与多巴胺对脓毒性休克应用疗效的Meta分析[J].中华危重病急救医学,2013,25(8):449-454.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2013.08.001.
[127] Landry D W,Levin H R,Gallant E M,et al.Vasopressin deficiency contributes to the vasodilation of septic shock[J].Circulation,1997,95(5):1122-1125.doi:10.1161/01.CIR.95.5.1122.
[128] Patel B M,Chittock D R,Russell J A,et al.Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock[J].Anesthesiology,2002,96(3):576-582.doi:10.1097/00000542-200203000-00011.
[129] Dünser M W,Mayr A J,Ulmer H,et al.Arginine vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock:a prospective,randomized,controlled study[J].Circulation,2003,107(18):2313-2319.doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000066692.71008.BB.
[130] Lauzier F,Lévy B,Lamarre P,et al.Vasopressin or norepinephrine in early hyperdynamic septic shock:a randomized clinical trial[J].Intensive Care Med,2006,32(11):1782-1789.doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0378-0.
[131] Holmes C L,Walley K R,Chittock D R,et al.The effects of vasopressin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock:a case series[J].Intensive Care Med,2001,27(8):1416-1421.doi:10.1007/s001340101014.
[132] Malay M B,Ashton R C Jr,Landry D W,et al.Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock[J].J Trauma,1999,47(4):699-703.doi:10.1097/00005373-199910000-00014.
[133] Russell J A,Walley K R,Singer J,et al.VASST Investigators:Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2008,358(9):877-887.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa067373.
[134] Gordon A C,Russell J A,Walley K R,et al.The effects of vasopressin on acute kidney injury in septic shock[J].Intensive Care Med,2010,36(1):83-91.doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1687-x.
[135] Xiao X,Zhang J,Wang Y,et al.Effects of terlipressin on patients with sepsis via improving tissue blood flow[J].J Surg Res,2016,200(1):274-282.doi:10.1016/j.jss.2015.07.016.
[136] O'Brien A,Clapp L,Singer M.Terlipressin for norepinephrine-resistant septic shock[J].Lancet,2002,359(9313):1209-1210.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08225-9.
[137] Albaneèse J,Leone M,Delmas A,et al.Terlipressin or norepinephrine in hyperdynamic septic shock:a prospective,randomized study[J].Crit Care Med,2005,33(9):1897-1902.doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000178182.37639.D6.
[138] Morelli A,Ertmer C,Lange M,et al.Effects of short-term simultaneous infusion of dobutamine and terlipressin in patients with septic shock:the DOBUPRESS study[J].Br J Anaesth,2008,100(4):494-503.doi:10.1093/bja/aen017
[139] Morelli A,Ertmer C,Rehberg S,et al.Continuous terlipressin versus vasopressin infusion in septic shock(TERLIVAP):a randomized,controlled pilot study[J].Crit Care,2009,13(4):R130.doi:10.1186/cc7990.
[140] 梁宇,孙立东,赵子瑜,等.大剂量参附注射液治疗脓毒性休克的临床疗效分析[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,2012,19(2):109-110.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-9691.2012.02.015.
[141] Li M Q,Pan C G,Wang X M,et al.Effect of the Shenfu Injection Combined with Early Goal-Directed Therapy on Organ Functions and Outcomes of Septic Shock Patients[J].Cell Biochem Biophys,2015,72(3):807-812.doi:10.1007/s12013-015-0537-4.
[142] Zhang N,Liu J,Qiu Z,et al.Shenfu injection for improving cellular immunity and clinical outcome in patients with sepsis or septic shock[J].Am J Emerg Med,2017,35(1):1-6.doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2016.09.008.
[143] De Backer D,Biston P,Devriendt J,et al.SOAP II Investigators:Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock[J].N Engl J Med,2010,362(9):779-789.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0907118.
[144] Parker M M,Shelhamer J H,Bacharach S L,et al.Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock[J].Ann Intern Med,1984,100(4):483-490.doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-483.
[145] 孙海梅,况铣,魏宏建.小剂量多巴胺在脓毒症中的应用研究进展[J].中国综合临床,2006,22(2):188-190.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-6315.2006.02.050.
[146] Mouncey P R,Osborn T M,Power G S,et al.Trial of early,goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(14):1301-1311.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1500896.
[147] Eskesen T G,Wetterslev M,Perner A.Systematic review including re-analyses of 1148 individual data sets of central venous pressure as a predictor of fluid responsiveness[J].Intensive Care Med,2016,42(3):324-332.doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4168-4.
[148] Hayes M A,Timmins A C,Yau E H,et al.Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients[J].N Engl J Med,1994,330(24):1717-1722.doi:10.1056/NEJM199406163302404.
[149] Hollenberg S M,Ahrens T S,Annane D,et al.Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients:2004 update[J].Crit Care Med,2004,32(9):1928-1948.
[150] Annane D,Vignon P,Renault A,et al.Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock:a randomised trial[J].Lancet,2007,370(9588):676-684.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0.
[151] 韩国强,潘国权.去甲肾上腺素并多巴酚丁胺治疗脓毒性休克伴顽固性低血压28例临床分析[J].中国急救医学,2006,26(6):426-428.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-1949.2006.06.010.
[152] Cohn J N.Blood pressure measurement in shock.Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods[J].JAMA,1967,199(13):118-122.doi:10.1001/jama.1967.03120010104046.
[153] Hollenberg S M,Parrillo J E.Shock.In:Braunwald E,Isselbacher KJ,Wilson JD,et al.Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.14th ed[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1997:214-222.
[154] Annane D,Bellissant E,Bollaert P E,et al.Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults:a systematic review[J].JAMA,2009,301(22):2362-2375.doi:10.1001/jama.2009.815.
[155] Bollaert P E,Charpentier C,Levy B,et al.Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone[J].Crit Care Med,1998,26(4):645-650.doi:10.1097/00003246-199804000-00010.
[156] Briegel J,Forst H,Haller M,et al.Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock:a prospective,randomized,double-blind,single-center study[J].Crit Care Med,1999,27(4):723-732.doi:10.1097/00003246-199904000-00025.
[157] Sprung C L,Annane D,Keh D,et al.Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock[J].N Engl J Med,2008,358(2):111-124.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071366.
[158] 孔令杰,王新华,商娜,等.糖皮质激素治疗严重脓毒症的临床疗效观察[J].临床急诊杂志,2012,13(2):91-93.doi:10.13201/j.issn.1009-5918.2012.02.030.
[159] 李亮,曹昌魁,聂时南.小剂量氢化可的松治疗严重脓毒症患者的疗效观察[J].东南国防医药,2016,18(5):455-457.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-271X.2016.05.002.
[160] Wang C,Sun J,Zheng J,et al.Low-dose hydrocortisone therapy attenuates septic shock in adult patients but does not reduce 28-day mortality:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Anesth Analg,2014,118(2):346-357.doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000050.
[161] 韩宇,程青虹.脓毒症抗凝治疗的研究现状[J].新医学,2011,42(1):54-56.doi:10.3969/g.issn.0253-9802.2011.01.021.
[162] Allingstrup M,Wetterslev J,Ravn F B,et al.Antithrombin III for critically ill patients[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2016,2:CD005370.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005370.pub3.
[163] Warren B L,Eid A,Singer P,et al.Caring for the critically ill patient.High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis:a randomized controlled trial[J].JAMA,2001,286(15):1869-1878.doi:10.1001/jama.286.15.1869.
[164] Zarychanski R,Abou-Setta A M,Kanji S,et al.Canadian Critical Care Trials Group:The efficacy and safety of heparin in patients with sepsis:a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Crit Care Med,2015,43(3):511-518.doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000763.
[165] Yang C,Chen X,Zheng D,et al.Impacts of early anticoagulant therapy on tissue perfusion in patients with sepsis[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2016,9(10):20074-20079.
[166] 金铭,李春盛.血必净注射液对重症脓毒症凝血功能及预后影响的研究[J].中华内科杂志,2009,48(3):235-236.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2009.03.017.
[167] 何健卓,谭展鹏,张敏州,等.血必净注射液对严重脓毒症患者血流动力学及内皮功能影响的前瞻性研究[J].中华危重病急救医学,2015,27(2):127-132.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2015.02.010.
[168] Yin Q,Li C.Treatment effects of Xuebijing injection in severe septic patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2014,2014:949254.doi:10.1155/2014/949254.
[169] Bartlett R H,Mault J R,Dechert R E,et al.Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration:improved survival in surgical acute renal failure[J].Surgery,1986,100(4):400-408.
[170] Bellomo R,Farmer M,Parkin G,et al.Severe acute renal failure:a comparison of acute continuous hemodiafiltration and conventional dialytic therapy[J].Nephron,1995,71[1]:59-64.doi:10.1159/000188675.
[171] Bellomo R,Mansfield D,Rumble S,et al.Acute renal failure in critical illness.Conventional dialysis versus acute continuous hemodiafiltration[J].ASAIO J,1992,38(3):M654-M657.
[172] Kierdorf H.Continuous versus intermittent treatment:clinical results in acute renal failure.In:Sieberth H G,Mann H,Stummvoll H K,eds.Continuous Hemofiltration[M].Basel:Karger,1991:1-12.
[173] Mauritz W,Sporn P,Schindler I,et al.Acute renal failure in abdominal infection.Comparison of hemodialysis and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration[J].Anasth Intensivther Notfallmed,1986,21(4):212-217.
[174] Guérin C,Girard R,Selli J M,et al.Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in intensive care units:results from a multicenter prospective epidemiological survey[J].Intensive Care Med,2002,28(10):1411-1418.doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1433-0.
[175] van Bommel E,Bouvy N D,So K L,et al.Acute dialytic support for the critically ill:intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration[J].Am J Nephrol,1995,15(3):192-200.doi:10.1159/000168832.
[176] Kellum J A,Angus D C,Johnson J P,et al.Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy:a meta-analysis[J].Intensive Care Med,2002,28(1):29-37.doi:10.1007/s00134-001-1159-4.
[177] Tonelli M,Manns B,Feller-Kopman D.Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit:a systematic review of the impact of dialytic modality on mortality and renal recovery[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2002,40(5):875-885.doi:10.1053/ajkd.2002.36318.
[178] Vinsonneau C,Camus C,Combes A,et al.Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome:a multicentre randomised trial[J].Lancet,2006,368(9533):379-385.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69111-3.
[179] Augustine J J,Sandy D,Seifert T H,et al.A randomized controlled trial comparing intermittent with continuous dialysis in patients with ARF[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2004,44(6):1000-1007.doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.08.022.
[180] Schweickert W D,Pohlman M C,Pohlman A S,et al.Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated,critically ill patients:a randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2009,373(9678):1874-1882.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9.
[181] Bouman C S,Oudemans-Van Straaten H M,Tijssen J G,et al.Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure:a prospective,randomized trial[J].Crit Care Med,2002,30(10):2205-2211.doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000030444.21921.EF.
[182] Ronco C,Bellomo R,Homel P,et al.Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure:a prospective randomised trial[J].Lancet,2000,356(9223):26-30.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02430-2.
[183] Bellomo R,Cass A,Cole L,et al.Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients[J].N Engl J Med,2009,361(17):1627-1638.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902413.
[184] Palevsky P M,Zhang J H,O'Connor T Z,et al.Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury[J].N Engl J Med,2008,359(1):7-20.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802639.
[185] Gaudry S,Hajage D,Schortgen F,et al.Initiation strategies for renal-replacement therapy in the intensive care unit[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(2):122-133.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603017.
[186] Zarbock A,Kellum J A,Schmidt C,et al.Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury:the ELAIN randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2016,315(20):2190-2199.doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5828.
[187] Burns K E,Adhikari N K,Slutsky A S,et al.Pressure and volume limited ventilation for the ventilatory management of patients with acute lung injury:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2011,6(1):e14623.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014623.
[188] Putensen C,Theuerkauf N,Zinserling J,et al.Meta-analysis:ventilation strategies and outcomes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury[J].Ann Intern Med,2009,151(8):566-576.doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-8-200910200-00011.
[189] Marini J J,Gattinoni L.Ventilatory management of acute respiratory distress syndrome:a consensus of two[J].Crit Care Med,2004,32(1):250-255.doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000104946.66723.A8.
[190] Tobin M J.Culmination of an era in research on the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].N Engl J Med,2000,342(18):1360-1361.doi:10.1056/NEJM200005043421808.
[191] Checkley W,Brower R,Korpak A,et al.Effects of a clinical trial on mechanical ventilation practices in patients with acute lung injury[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008,177(11):1215-1222.doi:10.1164/rccm.200709-1424OC.
[192] Briel M,Meade M,Mercat A,et al.Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA,2010,303(9):865-873.doi:10.1001/jama.2010.218.
[193] Checkley W.Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a first-line treatment strategy for ARDS:is the evidence sufficiently strong[J]? JAMA,2011,306(15):1703-1704.doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1504.
[194] Ferguson N D,Cook D J,Guyatt G H,et al.High-frequency oscillation in early acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(9):795-805.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1215554.
[195] Fan E,Wilcox M E,Brower R G,et al.Recruitment maneuvers for acute lung injury:a systematic review[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008,178(11):1156-1163.doi:10.1164/rccm.200802-335OC.
[196] Guérin C,Reignier J,Richard J C,et al.Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].N Engl J Med,2013,368(23):2159-2168.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1214103.
[197] Beitler J R,Shaefi S,Montesi S B,et al.Prone positioning reduces mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome in the low tidal volume era:a meta-analysis[J].Intensive Care Med,2014,40(3):332-341.doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3194-3.
[198] Jolliet P,Bulpa P,Chevrolet J C.Effects of the prone position on gas exchange and hemodynamics in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Crit Care Med,1998,26(12):1977-1985.doi:10.1097/00003246-199812000-00023.
[199] Lamm W J,Graham M M,Albert R K.Mechanism by which the prone position improves oxygenation in acute lung injury[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1994,150(1):184-193.doi:10.1164/ajrccm.150.1.8025748.
[200] Stocker R,Neff T,Stein S,et al.Prone postioning and low-volume pressure-limited ventilation improve survival in patients with severe ARDS[J].Chest,1997,111(4):1008-1017.doi:10.1378/chest.111.4.1008.
[201] Klessig H T,Geiger H J,Murray M J,et al.A national survey on the practice patterns of anesthesiologist intensivists in the use of muscle relaxants[J].Crit Care Med,1992,20(9):1341-1345.
[202] Papazian L,Forel J M,Gacouin A,et al.Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(12):1107-1116.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1005372.
[203] Alhazzani W,Alshahrani M,Jaeschke R,et al.Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Crit Care,2013,17(2):R43.doi:10.1186/cc12557.
[204] Freebairn R C,Derrick J,Gomersall C D,et al.Oxygen delivery,oxygen consumption,and gastric intramucosal pH are not improved by a computer-controlled,closed-loop,vecuronium infusion in severe sepsis and septic shock[J].Crit Care Med,1997,25(1):72-77.doi:10.1097/00003246-199701000-00015.
[205] Sibbald W J,Short A K,Warshawski F J,et al.Thermal dye measurements of extravascular lung water in critically ill patients.Intravascular Starling forces and extravascular lung water in the adult respiratory distress syndrome[J].Chest,1985,87(5):585-592.doi:10.1378/chest.87.5.585.
[206] Wiedemann H P,Wheeler A P,Bernard G R,et al.Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury[J].N Engl J Med,2006,354(24):2564-2575.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa062200.
[207] Bollaert P E,Bauer P,Audibert G,et al.Effects of epinephrine on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in dopamine-resistant septic shock[J].Chest,1990,98(4):949-953.doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.4.949.
[208] Levy B,Bollaert P E,Charpentier C,et al.Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics,lactate metabolism,and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock:a prospective,randomized study[J].Intensive Care Med,1997,23(3):282-287.doi:10.1007/s001340050329.
[209] Zhou S X,Qiu H B,Huang Y Z,et al.Effects of norepinephrine,epinephrine,and norepinephrine-dobutamine on systemic and gastric mucosal oxygenation in septic shock[J].Acta Pharmacol Sin,2002,23(7):654-658.
[210] Perkins G D,McAuley D F,Thickett D R,et al.The beta-agonist lung injury trial(BALTI):a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2006,173(3):281-287.doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC.
[211] Gao Smith F,Perkins G D,Gates S,et al.Effect of intravenous β2 agonist treatment on clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome(BALTI-2):a multicentre,randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2012,379(9812):229-235.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61623-1.
[212] Matthay M A,Brower R G,Carson S,et al.Randomized,placebo-controlled clinical trial of an aerosolized β2-agonist for treatment of acute lung injury[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2011,184(5):561-568.doi:10.1186/CC11392.
[213] Singh B,Tiwari A K,Singh K,et al.β2 agonist for the treatment of acute lung injury:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Respir Care,2014,59(2):288-296.doi:10.4187/respcare.02571.
[214] Kress J P,Pohlman A S,O'Connor M F,et al.Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation[J].N Engl J Med,2000,342(20):1471-1477.doi:10.1056/NEJM200005183422002.
[215] Girard T D,Kress J P,Fuchs B D,et al.Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care(Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial):a randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet 2008,371(9607):126-134.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1.
[216] Wheeler A P,Bernard G R,Thompson B T,et al.Pulmonary artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury[J].N Engl J Med,2006,354(21):2213-2224.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061895.
[217] Harvey S,Harrison D A,Singer M,et al.Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care(PAC-Man):a randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2005,366(9484):472-477.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67061-4.
[218] Ouellette D R,Patel S,Girard T D,et al.Inspiratory pressure augmentation during spontaneous breathing trials,protocols minimizing sedation,and non-invasive ventilation immediately after extubation[J].Chest,2017,151(1):166-180.doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.036.
[219] Blackwood B,Burns K E,Cardwell C R,et al.Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2014(11):CD006904.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006904.pub3.
[220] Ely E W,Baker A M,Dunagan D P,et al.Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously[J].N Engl J Med,1996,335(25):1864-1869.doi:10.1056/NEJM199612193352502.
[221] Fraser G L,Devlin J W,Worby C P,et al.Benzodiazepine versus non-benzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated,critically ill adults:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials[J].Crit Care Med,2013,41(9):S30-S38.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16898.
[222] Reade M C,Eastwood G M,Bellomo R,et al.Effect of Dexmedetomidine Added to Standard Care on Ventilator-Free Time in Patients With Agitated Delirium:A Randomized Clinical Trial[J].JAMA,2016,315(14):1460-1468.doi:10.1001/jama.2016.2707.
[223] Brook A D,Ahrens T S,Schaiff R,et al.Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation[J].Crit Care Med,1999,27(12):2609-2615.doi:10.1097/00003246-199912000-00001.
[224] Kollef M H,Levy N T,Ahrens T S,et al.The use of continuous i.v.sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation[J].Chest,1998,114(2):541-548.doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.114.2.541.
[225] Strøm T,Martinussen T,Toft P.A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation:a randomised trial[J].Lancet,2010,375(9713):475-480.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62072-9.
[226] Brunkhorst F M,Engel C,Bloos F,et al.Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis[J].N Engl J Med,2008,358(2):125-139.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070716.
[227] Rosa GDCDL,Donado J H,Restrepo A H,et al.Strict glycaemic control in patients hospitalised in a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit:a randomised clinical trial[J].Crit Care,2008,12(5):R120.doi:10.1186/cc7017.
[228] Finfer S,Blair D,Bellomo R,et al.Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients[J].N Engl J Med,2009,360(13):1283-1297.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810625.
[229] Annane D,Cariou A,Maxime V,et al.Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults:a randomized controlled trial[J].JAMA,2010,303(4):341-348.doi:10.1001/jama.2010.2.
[230] Kalfon P,Giraudeau B,Ichai C,et al.Tight computerized versus conventional glucose control in the ICU:a randomized controlled trial[J].Intensive Care Med,2014,40(2):171-181.doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3189-0.
[231] Preiser J C,Devos P,Ruiz-Santana S,et al.A prospective randomised multicentre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units:the glucontrol study[J].Intensive Care Med,2009,35(10):1738-1748.
[232] 张荣丽,何伟,李彤,等.重症患者血糖控制目标的探讨[J].中华临床营养杂志,2008,16(4):204-208.doi:10.3881/j.issn.1008-5882.2008.04.003.
[233] Song F,Zhong L J,Han L,et al.Intensive insulin therapy for septic patients:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Biomed Res Int,2014,2014:698265.doi:10.1155/2014/698265.
[234] American Diabetes Association.Standards of medical care in diabetesd-2014[J].Diabetes Care,2014,37(Sup 1):S14-S80.doi:10.2337/dc14-S014.
[235] Van den Berghe G,Wouters P,Weekers F,et al.Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients[J].N Engl J Med,2001,345(19):1359-1367.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011300.
[236] Qaseem A,Chou R,Humphrey LL,et al.Inpatient glycemic control:Best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians[J].Am J Med Qual,2014,29(2):95-98.doi:10.1177/1062860613489339.
[237] Siegelaar S E,Hermanides J,Oudemans van Straaten HM,et al.Mean glucose during ICU admission is related to mortality by a U-shaped curve in surgical and medical patients:a retrospective cohort study[J].Crit Care,2010,14:R224.doi:10.1186/cc9369.
[238] Badawi O,Waite M D,Fuhrman S A,et al.Association between intensive care unit-acquired dysglycemia and in-hospital mortality[J].Crit Care Med,2012,40(12):3180-3188.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182656ae5.
[239] Finfer S,Liu B,Chittock D R,et al.Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients[J].N Engl J Med,2012,367(12):1108-1118.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1204942.
[240] Kalfon P,Le Manach Y,Ichai C,et al.Severe and multiple hypoglycemic episodes are associated with increased risk of death in ICU patients[J].Crit Care,2015,19:153.doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0851-7.
[241] Krinsley J S.Glycemic variability:a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients[J].Crit Care Med,2008,36(11):3008-3013.doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b38d2.
[242] Todi S,Bhattacharya M.Glycemic variability and outcome in critically ill[J].Indian J Crit Care Med,2014,18(5):285-290.doi:10.4103/0972-5229.132484.
[243] Coester A,Neumann C R,Schmidt M I,et al.Intensive insulin therapy in severe traumatic brain injury:a randomized trial[J].J Trauma,2010,68(4):904-911.doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181c9afc2.
[244] Finfer S,Chittock D R,Su S Y,et al.Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients[J].N Engl J Med,2009,360(13):1283-1297.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa081062\\5.
[245] Inoue S,Egi M,Kotani J,et al.Accuracy of blood-glucose measurements using glucose meters and arterial blood gas analyzers in critically ill adult patients:systematic review[J].Crit Care,2013,17(2):R48.doi:10.1186/cc12567.
[246] Rice M J,Coursin D B.Glucose Meters:Here Today,Gone Tomorrow[J].Crit Care Med,2016,44(2):e97-100.doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001389.
[247] Cook D J,Griffith L E,Walter S D,et al.Canadian Critical Care Trials Group:The attributable mortality and length of intensive care unit stay of clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients[J].Crit Care,2001,5(6):368-375.
[248] Krag M,Perner A,Wetterslev J,et al.Stress ulcer prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis in critically ill patients.A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis[J].Intensive Care Med,2014,40(1):11-22.doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3125-3.
[249] Sasabuchi Y,Matsui H,Lefor A K,et al.Risks and Benefits of Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis for Patients With Severe Sepsis[J].Crit Care Med,2016,44(7):e464-e469.doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001667.
计量
- 文章访问数: 511
- PDF下载数: 6247
- 施引文献: 0